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TCA cycle or Krebs cycle / The citric acid cycle Animation - Biochemistry Metabolisms

📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:-   / drgbhanuprakash   📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr 📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle - USMLE Step 1 Citric Acid Cycle Citric Acid Cycle: central catabolic pathway used to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate (derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) into CO2 and H2O For each turn, the cycle produces 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2 CO2 1 NADH → 3 ATP equivalents 1 FADH2 → 2 ATP equivalents However, because of the energy expenditure required to shuttle NADH and FADH to the ETC, each turn through the citric acid cycle yields: 3 NADH x 2.5 → 7.5 ATP equivalent 1 FADH2 x 1.5 → 1.5 ATP equivalent 1 GTP → 1 ATP equivalent For a total of 12 potential and 10 actual ATPs The citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix Citrate synthase catalyzes the transfer of a 2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate, forming the 6-carbon molecule citrate Citrate synthase is inhibited by ATP, NADH and succinyl CoA and stimulated by insulin Strongly exergonic step, regulatory point in the cycle Aconitase catalyzes the isomerization of citrate into isocitrate Fluoroacetate (a metabolic poison) inhibits the enzyme aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate NAD+ → NADH, 1st molecule of CO2 is released Key regulatory step that is stimulated by ADP (low energy state) and inhibited by ATP and NADH (high energy state) The α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex converts α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA NAD+ → NADH, 2nd molecule of CO2 is released Regulatory step, regenerates a 4-carbon chain (CoA excluded) and requires many coenzymes, including vitamins B1, B2, B3, CoA, and lipoic acid Note: the same cofactors are required in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by NADH, succinyl CoA, ATP and GTP Succinyl-CoA synthetase converts succinyl-CoA to succinate and CoA Substrate level phosphorylation: GDP + Pi → GTP The succinate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes oxidation of succinate to fumarate FAD → FADH2 Mitochondrial fumarase converts fumarate to malate Malate dehydrogenase oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate, and the cycle can begin anew NAD+ → NADH #tcacycle #tcacyclebiochemistry #tcacycleanimation #tcacyclemetabolism #tcacyclepathway #tcacyclelecture #tcacyclevideo #medicalbiochemistry #usmle #usmlestep1 #usmlevideos #mbbs #nationalexittest #nationalexitexam