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Sex Differences in Memory Function Video – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Jill Goldstein, PhD, Chair, Brigham Research Institute - Connors Center for Research on Women’s Health and Gender Biology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, explains why women may be at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Goldstein is also Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine at Harvard Medical School. One out of nine individuals over the age of 65 has dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease and women are at twice the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease. One of the reasons that women are at higher risk may be due to the fact that the brain regions which regulate memory, such as the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, also regulate the release of gonadal hormones, such as estrogens from the ovaries. Estradiol is the primary estrogen that drives brain function in women. With the loss of ovarian function at menopause there is drop in estradiol and this may be associated with changes and loss in memory function among women. There are also sex differences in the risk for the genes associated with Alzheimer's disease and in its primary pathology. Some researchers have found that Alzheimer's pathology is higher in post-menopausal women versus men, even given the same genetic abnormalities. This may, in part, be due to the fact that estradiol reduces plaque formation in the brain, a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. There are also sex differences in the immune system which may impact Alzheimer's risk. Finally, there are diseases that are known to be independent risk factors for Alzheimer's such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, depression, and anxiety disorders. Researchers believe there are shared causes between sex differences in these diseases and sex differences in Alzheimer's risk. Until new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease are developed, women can reduce their risk by engaging in effortful cognitive and physical activity and maintaining social contact. Learn more about research exploring sex differences in memory function: http://www.bwhresearch.org/connors-br...