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Yellow Fever Explained Simply: Symptoms and treatment

Transmission Mechanism: Yellow Fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquito bites. Key Symptom & Name Origin: The disease is characterized by a high fever and the yellowing of the skin and eyes, a condition known as jaundice. This gives the disease its name, "Yellow Fever." Bilirubin Accumulation: The yellow appearance is due to the breakdown of red blood cells into bilirubin. The virus affects the liver, preventing it from processing bilirubin, leading it to accumulate in the bloodstream and deposit in the skin and eyes. Initial Symptoms: Those infected with Yellow Fever experience sudden onset symptoms like fever, chills, headaches, and other flu-like symptoms. Recovery vs. Toxic Phase: About 85% of those infected see these symptoms subside within four days. However, 15% progress to the "toxic phase" which includes heightened fevers, bleeding, and organ damage. Severity and Mortality: Sadly, 50% of those in the toxic phase succumb to the disease, often due to multi-organ failure. There is currently no specific treatment for Yellow Fever. Bleeding Manifestations: Bleeding associated with Yellow Fever can be both internal (like within the brain) and external (such as nosebleeds or blood in vomit). Geographical Impact: Annually, Yellow Fever causes around 30,000 deaths, with 90% of these cases in Africa. Parts of sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America have the highest risk. Diagnostic Method: The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is the most reliable test for diagnosis, measuring virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. Prevention: A highly effective vaccine against Yellow Fever is available. It offers long-lasting protection, often lifelong, and has been a key tool in curbing outbreaks.