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General Nuclear Medicine Physics.

In this video you are going to learn details about Nuclear medicine. =========== TIMESTAMPS =========== 👏Shout-out To - Rui Compos - For Making This TimeStamps CH Link:    / @ruicampos8631   =========== Part I 00:00 Intro 00:14 Four Fundamental Forces 00:41 Bohr Atom Model 01:47 Nuclear Structure (iso-...) 03:07 Matter 05:22 Cool chart (# neutrons vs # protons) 10:06 Review Part II 10:37 Nuclear Stability 11:27 Radioactivity 13:17 Half-lives 15:12 Isomeric Transition 18:22 Beta-minus decay 20:22 Beta plus decay 22:05 Electron Capture 23:59 Electron Binding Energy 26:01 Alpha Decay 26:42 Summary Part III 27:26 Nuclear Medicine 27:42 Decay Scheme Diagram 28:07 Production 30:07 Radiopharmaceuticals 31:06 Ideal Characteristics 32:36 Localization 33:37 Technetium-99m 34:24 Technetium Generator 35:48 Transient and Secular Equilibrium 36:44 Imaging 37:44 Gamma Ray Detection 41:46 Photomultiplier Tube 41:51 Gamma Cameras 43:07 Nal Crystal detection efficiency (%) as a function of gamma ray energy (keV) and thickness (in) -- should be in SI though 44:57 Pulse Height Analysis 48:38 Collimators 51:45 Collimator Performance 54:38 Nuclear Medicine Images 55:47 SPECT 57:40 Clinical SPECT 59:17 PET 01:02:40 SPECT/CT and PET/CT 01:04:23 Generator 01:04:50 Radiochemical QC 01:05:08 Gamma Camera QC 01:05:35 Dose Calibrator in QC 01:06:14 Spatial Resolution 01:06:23 Contrast and Noise 01:06:47 Artifacts ======================================= What is nuclear medicine? Nuclear medicine is a specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure. Nuclear medicine imaging is a combination of many different disciplines. These include chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology, and medicine. This branch of radiology is often used to help diagnose and treat abnormalities very early in the progression of a disease, such as thyroid cancer. Because X-rays pass through soft tissue, such as intestines, muscles, and blood vessels, these tissues are difficult to visualize on a standard X-ray, unless a contrast agent is used. This allows the tissue to be seen more clearly. Nuclear imaging enables visualization of organ and tissue structure as well as function. The extent to which a radiopharmaceutical is absorbed, or "taken up," by a particular organ or tissue may indicate the level of function of the organ or tissue being studied. Thus, diagnostic X-rays are used primarily to study anatomy. Nuclear imaging is used to study organ and tissue function. A tiny amount of a radioactive substance is used during the procedure to assist in the exam. The radioactive substance, called a radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical or radioactive tracer), is absorbed by body tissue. Several different types of radionuclides are available. These include forms of the elements technetium, thallium, gallium, iodine, and xenon. The type of radionuclide used will depend on the type of study and the body part being studied. After the radionuclide has been given and has collected in the body tissue under study, radiation will be given off. This radiation is detected by a radiation detector. The most common type of detector is the gamma camera. Digital signals are produced and stored by a computer when the gamma camera detects the radiation. By measuring the behavior of the radionuclide in the body during a nuclear scan, the healthcare provider can assess and diagnose various conditions, such as tumors, infections, hematomas, organ enlargement, or cysts. A nuclear scan may also be used to assess organ function and blood circulation. The areas where the radionuclide collects in greater amounts are called "hot spots." The areas that do not absorb the radionuclide and appear less bright on the scan image are referred to as "cold spots." In planar imaging, the gamma camera remains stationary. The resulting images are two-dimensional (2D). Single photon emission computed tomography, or SPECT, produces axial "slices" of the organ in question because the gamma camera rotates around the patient. These slices are similar to those performed by a CT scan. In certain instances, such as PET scans, three-dimensional (3D) images can be performed using the SPECT data.   Scans are used to diagnose many medical conditions and diseases. Some of the more common tests include the following: Renal scans. These are used to examine the kidneys and to find any abnormalities. These include abnormal function or obstruction of the renal blood flow. Thyroid scans. These are used to evaluate thyroid function or to better evaluate a thyroid nodule or mass. Bone scans. These are used to evaluate any degenerative and/or arthritic changes in the joints, to find bone diseases and tumors, and/or to determine the cause of bone pain or inflammation.