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Pauli's Exclusion Principle | Identical and Indistinguishable Particles

Electrons are the polar opposite of eyebrows - in that eyebrows are meant to be sisters, not twins, whereas electrons are most certainly twins and not just sisters! Hey everyone, I know I don't normally upload on Thursdays but this week's been a super busy one. In this video, I haven't done the usual graphical trickery to help visualise things. Instead, I decided I'd post a fairly low-effort video so that you could see the talk I gave at the FameLab competition. In this competition, I had to speak on a topic for 3 minutes without any PowerPoint presentation or notes. All I was allowed to bring on stage was myself and anything that I could fit in my pockets or hold in my hand. So I decided to talk about the fact that electrons, and other quantum particles, are indistinguishable from each other. That's right, not only are they IDENTICAL in every way (in that they all have exactly the same mass, charge, etc.) but they also cannot be told apart from each other. I cannot label one particle "A" and the other "B" and then track them as they move around in space and over time. This fact has some very real consequences for our universe. Namely, that one class of indistinguishable particles (known as fermions, of which an electron is an example) cannot occupy the same region of space. This is known as Pauli's Exclusion Principle. (Side note: This is of course ignoring the interaction between electrons, as well electrons with opposite spins). Pauli's Exclusion Principle is fairly well known in popular science, but i wanted to explain the origin of it. Some day i might do another video showing you a more rigorous mathematical derivation, because some aspects of it are quite easy to understand. But then if electrons cannot occupy the same region of space then a direct consequence of this is the fact that they stack up in shells around protons and neutrons when forming atoms. The electrons of course stack up in these shells (and subshells) in accordance with the Aufbau principle. The Aufbau principle essentially tells us how, for low electron numbers, the electrons arrange themselves into different energy levels. This therefore directly influences all of chemistry, and how elements interact with each other. In other words, everything that we can see and touch and feel that is made up of ordinary matter in our universe is arranged in a very particular way as a DIRECT consequence of the fact that electrons are not only identical particles, but INDISTINGUISHABLE particles. And if that doesn't make you raise your eyebrows, which should be sisters btw, then I don't know what will. Hope you enjoyed my explanation of Pauli's Exclusion Principle. If you did, feel free to subscribe to my channel! Follow me on Instagram for minute-long physics videos, and on Twitter for the worst physics puns you've ever read. @parthvlogs on both!