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Ultrasound Video showing Vesical Diverticulum, Cystitis, BPH, Cholelithiasis, and small renal stone.

This video shows Vesical Diverticulum, Thick-walled urinary bladder, BPH, Cholelithiasis, and small renal stone. Diverticula are often an incidental finding on imaging. A bladder diverticulum is a pouch in the bladder wall that a person may either be born with ("congenital") or get later ("acquired"). A congenital bladder diverticulum forms when some of the bladder linings poke through a weak part in the bladder wall. With acquired diverticula, many pouches often form. Bladder diverticula occur as a result of focal herniations of the urothelium and submucosa and usually occur in the setting of chronic elevation of intravesical pressure. Pelvic (Bladder) ultrasound shows a large outpouching of the bladder wall and mucosa projecting from the lumen of the bladder. Trabeculation of the bladder occurs from repeated obstructions in the urethra. When an obstruction occurs, the muscle's walls of the bladder have to work too hard to move urine past the blockage. This leads to a thickening of the muscle walls and a loss of elasticity. This stretching can increase the size of the bladder from about 2 inches to more than 6 inches long, depending on the amount of liquid. The typical human bladder reaches its capacity between 16 to 24 ounces of urine, but the urge to urinate comes when the bladder is about one-quarter full. The normal bladder wall had a mean thickness of 2.76 mm when the bladder is almost empty and 1.55 mm when it is distended. There is a linear relationship between bladder fullness and bladder wall thickness; the upper limits are 3 and 5 mm for a full or empty bladder respectively. A healthy bladder can hold one and a half to two cups (300-400mls) of urine during the day and about four cups (800mls) at night. It is normal to pass urine five or six times a day if you drink between 6-8 glasses of fluid. Two bladders. The most common form is sagittal duplication, in which 2 urinary bladders lie side by side and are separated by a fold of peritoneum and loose areolar tissue. Each urinary bladder receives the ureter of the ipsilateral kidney and is drained by its own urethra, with the ureter and urethra lying side by side.