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Zones of Statelessness; Kristallnacht; Hitler's reading of Nietzsche's | Timothy Snyder (2017)

00:18 - Zones of Statelessness and also Reborn Orders 09:07 - The loss of Dutch Jews / The fears of German Jews after Kristallnacht 16:48 - The work of historian Raul Hilberg 21.20 - Friedrich Nietzsche and Hitler's rejection of solidarity / Hannah Arendt's 'banality of evil' 29:23 - The role of the Academic in 'changing' rather than 'explaining' the world 31:22 - History vs Memory [Transcriptions Edited] Zones of Statelessness and also Reborn Orders ~ 00:18 - I think that your argument about zones of limited statehood, I found that very convincing, my only issue with it is on the one hand as you already said there is the perpetrating state is a highly functioning state, perhaps the most functioning state, in a strange way, in Western Europe at the time, with a very efficient administration which is regeared towards one purpose only in this case. And that bizarrely what the Germans do after this brief period of anarchy, 1941 in particular, what they’re trying to do in a perverted way is to recreate order, that’s how I read the construction of designated extermination camps, as an attempt to end for various reasons, primarily because they're concerned about the mental health of the perpetrators, to construct and order that will allow them to, crudely phrased, finish the job in an orderly way. So It’s partly about zones of limited statehood, but also about perverted islands of order within these areas. I also find the argument generally very convincing in relation to as you describe, Ukraine, Poland in particular, the completely shattered states, but in the case of for example Austria or the Czech lands, from what the Nazi’s perspective is what they’re doing is destroying and artificial state that was created in 1918, that they were restoring proper legitimacy and statehood by incorporating these territories into what they see as the greater German Reich. There are zones of statelessness and also reborn orders. ~ The loss of Dutch Jews / The fears of German Jews after Kristallnacht 09:07: I have two rather different questions, In one of course, I understand the story that I would have heard of the holocaust in the 60s and 70s would have been from people from Western Europe, but there's the Dutch who lose their own Jews in a society that has been one of the most hospitable going back to the 17th century, in large numbers and not just the Anna Franks who arrive from Germany. And the other is, as somebody who works on Jews in the 1930s, the visceral fear you get already in letters from 33 and certainly after Kristallnacht people who are fleeing and people who are then going to every possible length that they can to get their families out after Kristallnacht that there is although you do have to deport people to kill them in large numbers, there are people in 33/34/35/36 who are terrified for their lives and feel certain that if they stay a few more weeks, and these are not people who are communist, who have any left wing associations and they’re going in large numbers when they can or are sending their children when they can’t. ~ The work of historian Raul Hilberg 16:48: I would like to hear a little more about how you situate yourself in Black Earth vis-à-vis the work of Raul Hilberg whose work has been recently celebrated or remarked upon in the concert that took place in Berlin in the last couple of days. ~ Friedrich Nietzsche and Hitler's rejection of solidarity / Hannah Arendt's 'banality of evil' 21:20: I had a few philosophical questions, the first one this idea, Hitler's idea of the rejection of any kind of solidarity, whether Christian, Jewish or Communist, or liberal, how related is this belief to Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy and how much is it a child of that philosophical tradition? Second thing I wanted to ask, you talk about statelessness and the creation of the situation of statelessness, what are the implications are your argument for Arendt’s ‘Banality of Evil’? ~ The role of the Academic in 'changing' rather than 'explaining' the world 29:23: ...you said for instance there are many Holocaust conferences that don’t talk about the Holocaust but the understanding of the Holocaust, in some ways that’s similar because it is about a secondary matter, whatever level, that talks about what we make of it rather than the facts are or to a lesser degree what the facts are. So the relationship between facts and our ideology and what how we should use this today in order to deal with the world that I think in all countries that we work in, in Western countries certainly I feel a certain need to engage with students, for example, all the time, and how do you see that for yourself? ~ History vs Memory 31:22: I wondered about why you see the need to resurrect the binary between history and memory in such strong terms, especially since your argument drew from material that is not necessarily historical in the first instance?