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Cyanosis Symptoms and Causes. Central and Peripheral Cyanosis

Cyanosis is a condition in which the skin and mucous membranes have a blue or purple color due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. The blue color is due to the presence of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. The most common places where cyanosis is visible include: Lips, Fingertips, Nails, Earlobes, and Nose. In some cases, mucous membranes in the oral cavity and the conjunctivae is more helpful to detect cyanosis. cyanosis becomes apparent when the concentration of reduced hemoglobin in capillary blood exceeds 40 grams per liter. There are two types of cyanosis: central cyanosis, which is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood itself, and peripheral cyanosis, which is caused by poor circulation that leads to increased deoxygenated blood in the extremities. Causes of central cyanosis: The most common causes of cyanosis are Heart problems: such as heart failure or a congenital heart defect, which can cause central cyanosis by reducing the amount of oxygen-rich blood that is pumped to the body's tissues. Lung problems: Lung problems, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or pneumonia, can cause central cyanosis by reducing the amount of oxygen that is absorbed into the bloodstream. Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be produced by burning fuel. Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can cause central cyanosis by replacing the oxygen in the blood with carbon monoxide. Anemia: or a deficiency in red blood cells, can cause central cyanosis by reducing the amount of oxygen that is carried in the blood. Blood clot in the lungs; also known as a pulmonary embolism, can cause central cyanosis by blocking the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the lungs. Peripheral Cyanosis: Results from vasoconstriction and diminished peripheral blood flow, such as occurs in cold exposure, shock, congestive failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Often in these conditions, the mucous Membranes of the oral cavity, including the sublingual mucosa, may be spared. Raynaud's disease: a condition that causes the blood vessels in the fingers and toes to constrict in response to cold temperatures or stress. This can lead to poor circulation and peripheral cyanosis. By Ankit Jain, MBBS,corresponding authora Anuradha Patel, MD, FRCA,a and Ian C. Hoppe, MDb - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti..., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... By Ajean14 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...