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ABO Blood grouping system and Rhesus blood group system : Physiology

📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:-   / drgbhanuprakash   📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr 📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash ABO AND RH BLOOD GROUPS ------------------------------------------------- • ABO and Rh groups are of particular clinical significance because they are most prevalent and most likely to be involved • in detrimental transfusion reactions. ABO Blood Groups • Comprises A and B antigens, which are oligosaccharide molecules produced on the surfaces of red blood cells (aka, • erythrocytes). • These antigens are genetically determined by the alleles A, B, and O. • A and B are codominant, and O is recessive; so, from 6 possible genotypes, we get 4 phenotypic blood types. Antibodies • A unique feature of the ABO blood group is that individuals produce antibodies against antigens absent in their blood. • These antibodies attack the red blood cells displaying the corresponding antigens, causing agglutination and hemolysis. Type A blood • Blood type A is characterized by red blood cells with the A antigen on their surfaces • Anti-B antibodies, aka, agglutinins, circulate in the plasma • Addition of Type B blood/B antigens will cause agglutination. Type B blood • Blood type B is characterized by B antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells • Anti-A antibodies circulate in the plasma • Addition of Type A blood/A antigens will cause agglutination. Type AB blood • Type AB blood cells have both A and B antigens on their surfaces • Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies circulate in the plasma, which makes sense: Anti -A or Anti-B antibodies would attack a person's own red blood cells. • Addition of A or B antigens does not cause agglutination. Type O blood • Type O has neither A nor B antigens on its red blood cells • Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies circulate in the plasma. • Addition of A or B antigens causes agglutination. Rh Blood Group • There are several Rh antigens, but the D antigen is most prevalent and most cross-reactive; thus, it is most clinically • relevant. • D antigen is either present on the surface of red blood cells or not • It is coded for by two alleles: D and d. • Unlike the ABO blood types, antibodies against the D antigen are not pre-produced in Rh-negative individuals. • Rh-negative individuals produce anti-Rh antibodies in response to exposure to D antigens. • Thus, if Rh+ blood is added to Rh- blood that happens to have anti-Rh+ antibodies, agglutination will occur. Clinical Correlations: • Blood transfusion recipients and donors must be matched to avoid agglutination. • When an Rh-negative woman gives birth to an Rh-positive infant; invariably, there will be some mixture of maternal and fetal blood. Consequently, the mother's body will produce anti-Rh antibodies, which will have negligible, if any, immediate effects. But, the circulating anti-Rh antibodies will attack the red blood cells of any subsequent Rh-positive fetus. Preventative assessment of maternal Rh status and immunization protects against this reaction. #bloodgroups #abobloodgrouping #bloodphysiology #usmlephysiology #bloodgroups #bloodgroupingsystem #bloodgrouping #bloodgroupinganimation #bloodgroupingsystemanimation #bloodgroupingphysiology #bloodgroupingtest #bloodgroupingprocedure #bloodgroupinganimation #bloodgroupsystem #fmge #medicalstudents #neetpg #medicalcollege #mbbslectures #usmleprep #nationalexitexam #nationalexittest #usmlestep1