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THE NEURON SONG

You have 86 billion neurons, according to estimates, And each with 10,000 other neurons communicates! 3 kinds of potentials for neuron, communication are essential, These are the resting, graded, and the action potential! The membrane’s resting potential, when no signals are obtained, Is minus seventy millivolts, at which it is maintained. Graded potentials are changes in potential that vary in size, Depending on the intensity of the stimulus that underlies. EPSPs are increases to membrane potential, While IPSPs are decreases to membrane potential. And now in order to, explain action potentials, We must first discuss neuron structure fundamentals! Neurons are the functional units of our brains, And they can be divided into three domains! Dendrites feed into the neuron’s cell body or soma, Which then connects to an axon to earn you your diploma! Inputs are received from axons, directed to dendrites Especially on dendritic spines, forming synaptic connection sites. The inputs go to the soma, the action potential’s activator, For the soma integrates signals, to act like a calculator! Spatial summation is adding of simultaneous inputs, While temporal summation is adding of repeated inputs. The cell body is where, summation transpires At the minus 55 threshold, an action potential fires Action potentials, do not vary in size, But with more intense stimuli higher frequencies arise. During an action potential, ions flow across the membrane Causing a rapid rise and fall of potential across the membrane! Unlike with graded potentials, the action potential propagates As each next bit of axon, in depolarization participates. APs are all or nothing and travel in one direction, They travel quickly due to saltatory conduction, Propagating along nodes of Ranvier the signal hops, From the axon hillock until at the terminal buttons it stops! Between the nodes of Ranvier the axon is insulated, The axon is wrapped in myelin sheath, which is created, By Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, And Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system! The action potential’s arrival, at the terminal buttons triggers Release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. After crossing the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters attach, To postsynaptic neuron receptors where they dispatch, EPSPs if the neurotransmitters were excitatory, Or IPSPs if the neurotransmitters were inhibitory. Music/Lyrics/Visual © Neural Academy Learn More About Action Potentials!    • THE ACTION POTENTIAL