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What's Really Inside A Proton?

The proton is one of the most prevalent and important particles in our Universe and has a complex internal structure. Protons are not fundamental particles. Most pre-degree level physics teachers might only briefly discuss that a Proton is made up of 3 quarks and is held together by the Strong Nuclear Force via Gluons. However this is a far simplified down model of what really goes on inside a Proton! We will begin by looking at the role of charge and color charge within a proton, as well as the actions of the fundamental forces of Electromagnetism and the Strong Nuclear Force in holding together the system. Then we will dive deeper and consider particles in the Quantum Mechanical regime within atomic scales as Classical Physics and Newton's Laws break down and are insufficient at explaining such physical systems. Here we employ theory on the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, in particular relating Energy and Time. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity teaches that Mass and Energy are equivalent thus, applied to the proton, this uncertainty principle allows particle-antiparticle pairs to be produced within it (pair production) which manifests as quark-antiquark pairs existing for very short periods of time. These quarks are known as Sea Quarks (compared to the 3 Valence Quarks which permanently exist within baryons which people often know about). Sea Quarks can be of any type: up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom – but are more likely to be found as the less massive species due to Heisenberg Uncertainty. Along with the corresponding anti-quarks and the gluon, this allows for up to 13 different particle species within protons at any one time. This is suggested in the Standard Model of Particle Physics, Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QFT) and deep inelastic scattering experiments (such as those within particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider, LHC or Fermilab) support this model of the proton. 0:00 - The Proton is NOT made of 3 Quarks 0:51 - Electromagnetism, Color Charge, Gluons and the Strong Force in Baryons 2:59 - We NEED Quantum Mechanics to Explain What's Inside a Proton 3:33 - Wave like nature of Particles and Probabilities 4:04 - The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Energy and Time 5:12 - Relativity and Pair Production 5:50 - Sea Quarks and Valence Quarks in a Proton! 7:30 - The 13 Different Particles within Protons 8:10 - Evidence for Sea Quarks and Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments