Скачать с ютуб Physics Is Nearly Complete. в хорошем качестве

Physics Is Nearly Complete.

Want a career that helps solve the world's biggest problems? Then head over to https://80000hours.org/parth Over the years, many scientists have been confident that physics is almost complete, and that humanity was just a small number of discoveries away from understanding everything in the universe. Usually though, this confidence was short-lived before a new discovery or leap in understanding completely turned everything on its head, and opened up brand new areas of physics. What do you think - will physics ever be complete? In this video, I wanted to share a fun little story about how physics has seemed close to being "complete", and then something new made us realize that we were quite far from the end after all. There are a lot of great discussions about big paradigm shifts (such as the advent of general relativity or quantum mechanics) that have made us understand how much more physics there is to discover. But I wanted to share with you a much smaller, yet in my opinion clearer, case. When we first learned about atomic structure, and how electrons were distributed into "shells" around the nucleus, we thought that this was the extent of the structure to the atom. We thought that electrons were found in shells (labelled with n, the "principal quantum number") with increasing energy further away from the nucleus. And this was all based on the principle that the lowest energy shells filled first, followed by higher energy ones. However, when we found out how electrons actually filled up shells, we realized that they did not simply start with the n = 1 shell and then n = 2 shell and so on. In some cases, electrons partially filled a shell (such as n = 3), then started filling the next shell up (n = 4), and then went on to complete the filling of the n = 3 state. This meant that either shells did not fill up in order of increasing energy, or there was more to electronic structure than we understood at the time. The correct answer was the latter. The so called "shells" were actually divided up into further energy levels, with the spacing between these energy levels being much smaller than the energy level spacing of the original shells. In some cases, there would be an overlap in energy between the highest energy "subshell" of one shell, and the lowest energy subshell of the next shell up. This was known as the fine structure of the atom, and it turned out that electrons did indeed fill energy levels from lowest to highest (but the shells were split into smaller subshell energy levels). At a later point, we found out that even the subshells were divided into much more closely spaced energy levels - the hyperfine structure. And in our latest quantum mechanical theory, we also understood what caused this further splitting. But what if the hyperfine structure was split into further closely packed energy levels? What if there's another layer of energy level splitting that even our best instruments are not good enough to measure yet? After all, we'd seen three increasingly fine levels of splitting when we initially thought there was only one. Now none of this is true evidence that physics will never be complete. After all, just because it has happened to us a couple of times already, does not mean it will continue to happen. But we can wonder this question a lot. And the aim of this video was to share a story about physics WE ALREADY THOUGHT WE UNDERSTOOD, coming up with new ways to surprise us. This doesn't even account for new physical theories that have not yet been discovered. Thanks for watching, please do check out my links: MERCH - https://parth-gs-merch-stand.creator-... Instagram - @parthvlogs Patreon - patreon.com/parthg Music Chanel - Parth G's Shenanigans Here are some affiliate links for things I use! I make a small commission if you make a purchase through these links. Introduction to Elementary Particles (Griffiths) - the book used in this video: https://amzn.to/3I3ld71 Quantum Physics Book I Enjoy: https://amzn.to/3sxLlgL My Camera: https://amzn.to/2SjZzWq ND Filter: https://amzn.to/3qoGwHk Microphone (Fifine): https://amzn.to/2OwyWvt Gorillapod: https://amzn.to/3wQ0L2Q Video linked in cards (and one that discusses differences in electron numbers per shell):    • Why Real Atoms Don't Look Like This -...