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Film Recorders: how did they get CGI onto film?

A deep dive into VFX History discussing how computers were able to render digital images on physical film. Back in 2019, I posted a question on ​⁠‪@creativecow‬ wondering how it was possible that a computer in the 1980s could render an image onto a celloid film strip. The answers I got to that post led me down a rabbit hole of competing technologies, historical imperatives and some fascinating anecdotes. I talk about John Whitney and his work, Lee Harrison and the Scanimate team, John Whitney Jr and Gary Demos at Triple-I, later Digital Productions and of course, I talk about the PDP-10, Foonly F1 and Cray XMP computers. I've tried to sum up my findings here and inevitably, I will have missed out crucial steps and glossed over important points. Still I hope you find this VFX history entertaining, if not informative. Get ShiveringCactus VFX as phone cases, T-shirts, mugs: https://www.redbubble.com/people/Shiv... Alternate link: ShiveringCactus.redbubble.com Or buy me a coffee: https://ko-fi.com/shiveringcactus -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Why do we call it the ‘silver screen’? (2021) Dictionary.com. Available at: https://www.dictionary.com/e/silver-s... (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Fink, D.G. and Noll, A.M. (1999) Television cameras and displays, Encyclopædia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology... (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Vitale, T. (2010) Film grain, resolution and fundamental film particles - cool, Film Grain, Resolution and Fundamental Film Particles. Available at: https://cool.culturalheritage.org/vid... (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Dungate, A. (1999) The suppressed frame system, Suppressed Frame System. Available at: http://www.bbctv-ap.co.uk/supfr1.htm (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Rowlands , G. and Thomas, L. (1993) A brief history of Telecine in the BBC, Telecine. Available at: (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Kempton, M. (2021) Videotape and Telerecording, TV Studio History. Available at: https://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/bbc... (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Sørensen, P. (1981) ‘Computer Imaging: An apple for the dreamsmiths’, Cinefex, pp. 4–28. RetroAnalyst (2021) The whirlwind bouncing ball simulator, The Whirlwind Bouncing Ball Simulator. Available at: https://www.retrogamedeconstructionzo... (Accessed: 03 February 2024). Campbell, N. (2016) Scanimate: The Origins of Computer Motion Graphics, YouTube. Available at:    • Scanimate: The Origins of Computer Mo...   (Accessed: 09 February 2024). Carlson, W.E. (2017) 6.3 Information International Inc. (III, or triple-I), Computer Graphics and Computer Animation A Retrospective Overview. Available at: https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/grap... (Accessed: 09 February 2024). Demos, G. (2005) My personal history in the early explorations of computer graphics, Computer Graphics and Computer Animation A Retrospective Overview. Available at: https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/app/... (Accessed: 09 February 2024). Sieg, D. (2011) The Foonly F1 Computer, The Foonly F1. Available at: http://dave.zfxinc.net/f1.html (Accessed: 09 February 2024). Dyer, D. (1996) Foonly life story, Dave Dyer on the foonly F1. Available at: http://pdp10.nocrew.org/cpu/ddyer.html (Accessed: 09 February 2024). Masson, T. The Computer Graphics Essential Reference. Available at: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ph/nyit/masso... (Accessed: 11 February 2024). Demos, G., Brown, M.D. and Weinbery, R.A. (2012) Digital Scene Simulation: The Synergy of Computer Technology and Human Creativity , Digital Scene Simulation. Available at: https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/app/... (Accessed: 11 February 2024). Sørensen, P. (1984) ‘The Last Starfighter: Imagery wrought in the total forge’, Cinefex, 1 June, pp. 54–72. THE TRIPLE I YEARS (2022). YouTube. 3 October. Available at:    • THE TRIPLE I YEARS (Star Wars, TRON, ...   (Accessed: 06 April 2024). ​⁠‪@Gorkab‬ Screening room with John Whitney SR - preview (1972) The Screening Room. Available at:    • Screening Room with John Whitney Sr -...   (Accessed: 24 March 2024). Crossing the Frontier: Making ‘The Last Starfighter’ (1999). USA: Sharpline Arts. Available at:    • Last Starfighter - CGI making of (1984)   (Accessed: 06 April 2024). Computer Magic (1986). USA: PBS. Available at: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xm5oiz (Accessed: 14 April 2024). Block, P.M. and Erdmann, T.J. (2012) Star Trek: The Next Generation 365. New York, NY: Abrams.