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Anak Krakatoa Volcano Eruption Chronology. Part 3. Collapse and Tsunami

Anak Krakatau is the active cone that has built up in the caldera of Krakatau volcano after the 1883 cataclysmic eruption, in the Sunda Strait. Initially submarine, this new cone definitely emerged from the sea in 1930 and since then has progressively grown up through both explosive and effusive eruptions (~ one eruption every 3 years). Typically, eruptions were rather mild strombolian to vulcanian of basaltic andesite lava flows and associated tephra deposits. Although they presented little danger to surrounding islands, the eruptions from Anak Krakatau provided a constant reminder of the horror of 1883. A new eruptive phase was observed starting in June 2018; and on 15 October 2018, Anak Krakatau had a strong Strombolian to weak Vulcanian eruption that sent lava bombs into the water. An eruption of the volcano on 22 December 2018 caused a deadly tsunami, with waves up to five meters in height making landfall. On 31 December 2018, the disaster agency stated the tsunami's death toll was 437, with 14,059 injured. The tsunami affected more than 300 kilometers (186 mi) of coastline in Sumatra and Java and 40,000 people were displaced. This made the eruption the second deadliest volcanic eruption of the 21st century to date. Cone collapse—with tsunami generation—was considered a potential hazard immediately before the eruption. Scientists had modeled the possibility six years before the event, and had identified the western flank as the section of the volcano most likely to fail. Sentinel-2 satellite view of Anak Krakatoa on 3 May 2022 in natural color. Clockwise from upper left: Sertung Island; Anak Krakatoa, Panjang Island, and Rakata Island (lower right). Following the December 2018 eruption, it was believed that the southwest sector of the volcano, including the summit, had collapsed during the eruption, triggering the tsunami. On 23 December, this was confirmed by satellite data and helicopter footage, with the main conduit seen erupting from underwater, producing Surtseyan-style activity. The volcano lost over two-thirds of its volume due to this event, and its elevation above sea level was reduced from 338 m (1,109 ft) to just 110 m (360 ft). Satellite radar observations showed that by 10 January 2019, the volcano had continued to form, with further eruptions beginning to re-model the remnant structure. The crater, which had become open to the sea immediately after the eruption, had a complete rim above sea level. In May 2019, phreatomagmatic activity was observed around the newly reconstructed crater as the volcano continued to increase in height and remodel the areas destroyed in 2018. The volcano has continued intermittently erupting in 2020, 2021 and 2022, building a new cone where the old one used to be, making it potentially vulnerable for future collapses and tsunamis. VIVA KRAKATOA ! LONG LIVE NEW ANAK KRAKATAU !