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What were XMS, EMS and Conventional memory and why did the PC have them?

What was all that talk of memory managers and AUTOEXEC.BAT boot menus about? How would an 8MB 486 fail to run a game which worked fine on a 1MB 286? Why was EMM386.EXE definitely not on Ultima 7's Christmas card list? And why does your friend have digitised sound on that game when you do not, even though you both have the same soundcard? It's #doscember , and so time to delve into one of those questions of DOS that I never quite understood: what were EMS and XMS, and how could I have the wrong sort of memory? The DOS/Dos joke was done better (and earlier) here:    • A Bad Education Reviews...#DOSCember   . Maybe it'll become a tradition or something. Memory map: 0:00 A premise of sorts 0:52 5150 2:16 Pinhead 3:46 That segment thing 5:18 Where 640K came from 8:35 The 80286 arrives 10:05 Popcorn 11:00 Where EMS came from 11:43 Bank switching 13:57 Where XMS came from 15:23 Emulation 16:13 Precious conventional memory 17:50 HMA and the A20 gate 18:55 DOS wars 21:22 Better DOS and making memory 22:54 Boot disks and menus 23:32 DOS/4GW and that Media credits: Installation floppy disks (3.5-inch) for Microsoft MS-DOS 6.22 image by Blake Patterson from Alexandria, VA, USA, CC-BY 2.0 Raystown Lake, Huntington and Lititz trip image by Bob, CC-BY 2.0 Some CC-0 sounds used from Freesound Some CC-0 and public domain images used from Wikimedia Commons Stock footage from Pexels Some stock imagery from Pixabay CC-BY 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Bonus fact: that 286 shown inexplicably on the floor of a very, very messy room was also later a 486/100, then eventually a K6/200 until lack of availability of AT motherboards supporting modern sockets forced me to finally buy a new case. I also did, eventually, tidy my room. #doscember #⁠doscember2023