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Functional Group Identification Test for Carboxylic Acid

The atom or group of atoms that replaces hydrogen atoms from hydrocarbon are called functional groups. They may be –OH, -COOH, -CO, -CHO, -Cl, -COCl, -COOR etc. Functional groups are responsible for the characteristics of a molecule. Tests for Carboxylic group: Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing carboxyl functional group. It is of two types aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic acids are soluble in water where as aromatic acids are sparingly soluble in water. Formic acid and acetic acid are the simplest aliphatic acid and benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic acid. Formic acid and acetic acid are liquids. Carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, tartaric acid etc are colourless crystalline solids. Litmus test: litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic. Light Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C Sodium Bicarbonate Test: In this test, sodium bicarbonate is added to a sample containing acid. The sodium bicarbonate reacts with the acid producing sodium salt, water and carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide is detected as gas bubbles. Ester test Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form fruity smelling compounds called esters. The reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid is called esterification and is catalysed by an acid such as concentrated sulphuric acid.