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INFLAMMATION Part 1: General concepts, types , Vascular changes in Acute inflammation

In this short tutorial i have described the the basic concepts of inflammation and described vascular changes in Acute inflammation.. Visit http://ilovepathology.com/ for more topics in Pathology! ***Follow me**** Twitter :   / vijaypatho     / ilovepathology2   Facebook:   / ilovepathology   Inflammation : Definition Local response of living tissue To any injurious agent Protective response needed for survival!Can Cause tissue damage by itself! Historical Aspects The word inflammation from the Latin inflammare (to set on fire). Celsus , Roman Writer 1st century AD listed the four signs of inflammation. He said “rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore” which meant “redness and swelling with heat and pain” The 5th Sign “Functio leasa” Loss of function Was added by Rudolf Virchow In 19th Century John Hunter, Scottish surgeon:1793: inflammation is not a disease but just a response! Elie Metchinkoff: 1880s; A Russian zoologist, Discovered the process of Phagocytosis The 5 “R”sSteps of inflammatory response RECOGNITION of the injurious agent RECRUITMENT of inflammatory cells ( leukocytes) REMOVAL of the injurious agent REGULATION ( control) of the inflammatory response RESOLUTION/REPAIR ACUTE INFLAMMATION Vascular Changes There will be increase in the blood flow To bring cells and proteins to the site of injury By vasodilatation & increased vascular permeability Cellular events Recruitment of leukocytes Activation of leukocytes leading to the process of destruction of invaders and production of mediators. By Phagocytosis How these stimuli are recognized by the host? The antigen presenting cells/epithelial cells have RECEPTORS that sense these stimuli Toll like receptors Microbial sensors Present in plasma membrane & endosomes. Recognize products of bacteria, virus and other pathogens ( almost all!!) Results in production of mediators of inflammation Inflammasome Multiprotein cytoplasmic complex Recognize products of dead cells Activation of Caspase-1 Activation of IL-1 which is the mediator of leukocyte recruitment. These leukocytes phagocytose & destroy dead cells. Increased Vascular Permeability Hallmark of Acute inflammation There is escape of fluid, blood cells and proteins from the blood vessels into the interstitial tissue Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability Contraction of endothelial cells Direct damage to endothelium/Endothelial injury Endothelial injury due to leukocytes Transcytosis